Finger nails to predict health

Examining the Fingernails When Evaluating Presenting Symptoms in Elderly Patients
Introduction


Human fingernails, located on the dorsal aspect of the terminal 40% of the distal phalanx of each finger, are complex structures involving 3 different layers:

The nail plate (the nail). This is the keratinized structure, which grows throughout life;

The nail bed (ventral matrix, sterile matrix). This is the vascular bed that is responsible for nail growth and support. It lies protected between the lunula (the "half moon" seen through the nail) and the hyponychium (the posterior part of the nail bed epithelium); and

The eponychium (cuticle). The epidermal layer between the proximal nail fold and the dorsal aspect of the nail plate.

The primary purpose of the nail is protection. Abnormalities of the nail are often caused by skin disease and infection (most often fungal) but may also indicate more general medical conditions. This discussion does not address localized trauma or nail infections but offers examples of nail abnormalities that may occur with systemic disease.

Check to see whether the nails are normal by looking at the following (Figure 1):

Softness and flexibility of free edge;

Shape and color;
Quality of paronychial tissue; and
Growth rate (about 6 months from cuticle to free edge). Time of events can be estimated from location.

Figure 1. The normal nail.

Examining the Nails

Elderly people carry the last 6 months of their medical record on the approximately 10 square centimeters of keratin comprising the fingernails. Examining the fingernails can help the clinician detect a number of general and specific factors, including the following:

Overall vitality;
Inner emotional state;
Cerebral dominance;
Occupations and hobbies;
Medical history;
Nutritional status;
Cardiovascular function;
Rheumatic conditions; and
Dermatologic problems.

The patient's manicure can reveal state of health, nutritional status, past events, personality, occupation, and one's inner state. Systemic illness should show the nail changes in each of the nails on one hand. The thumb may reveal more extensive changes given its increased size.

It is useful to follow the following sequence when examining the nails:

Check the nail shape;
Examine the nail color;
Survey processes around the nails;
Compare hands; and
Note skin conditions.

It is critical to examine the nails in adequate light. Gently rotate the nail in the light so that the reflection highlights all aspects of the nail. Notice the lunula, the pale crescent moonlike coloration at the base of the nail. Leukonychia stria and a pointed tent-like lunula suggest an excessive manicure and pushing on the cuticle. Paronychias suggest stress and poor attention to hygiene. This can reflect depression, dementia, or psychiatric illness.

Nail Growth

Nail growth is continuous. It takes about 6 months for a fingernail in an elderly person to completely grow out. Cold temperature can slow growth rates but not to any clinically significant degree (pun intended). The middle finger nail grows the fastest, followed by the forefinger and ring finger. Aging slows the growth rate from approximately 3 months in childhood to 6 months in 70-year-olds. Nails in elderly people are also thicker than in younger people. Thin nails in a postmenopausal woman raise the possibility of metabolic bone disease. The nails of the dominant hand grow slightly more quickly than the nondominant nails, probably because minor trauma accelerates nail growth. Conversely, immobility slows the growth rate of fingernails. Understanding the growth rate is important because the time interval from a critical event can be estimated from the location of a nail lesion. For example, a white line appearing transversely halfway up the nail suggests an acute illness 3 months earlier. Regular observation will demonstrate its progression to the end of the nail edge.

Nail Polish

Distance from base and line of polish gives approximate date of application (nails grow 0.1 mm/day). Picking at polish reflects nervousness and agitation. Toenail polish suggests unusual flexibility or a friendly helper.

Observing the Nail Shape and Surface

Clubbed Fingernails

Clubbing involves a softening of the nail bed with the loss of normal Lovibond angle between the nail bed and the fold, an increase in the nail fold convexity, and a thickening of the end of the finger so it resembles a drumstick.

To determine whether nails are clubbed, have the patient place both forefinger nails together and look between them. If you can see a small diamond space between them (Schamroth's window) then the nails are not clubbed (Schamroth's sign) (Figure 2).



Figure 2. Schamroth's sign.

Causes of clubbing (not exhaustive) include the following (Figure 3):
Pulmonary and cardiovascular causes (80%)
Lung cancer, pulmonic abscess, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, beryllium poisoning, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, subacute bacterial endocarditis, infected arterial grafts, aortic aneurysm
Gastrointestinal causes (about 5%)
Inflammatory bowel disease, sprue, neoplasms (esophagus, liver, bowel)
Hyperthyroidism (about 1%)
Note: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease does not cause clubbing.



Figure 3. Example of clubbed fingernails.
Koilonychia
Koilonychia are spoon-shaped concave nails (Figures 4A, 4B). This occurs normally in children and usually resolves with aging. To determine whether a nail is spooned, perform the water drop test. Place a drop of water on the nail. If the drop does not slide off, then the nail is flattened from early spooning. An experienced clinician can look at the nail and perform a "mental" water drop test. Causes include the following:

Iron deficiency;
Diabetes mellitus;
Protein deficiency, especially in sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine or methionine);
Exposure to petroleum-based solvSystemic lupu
Raynaud's disease.


Figure 4B. Spooned nail.
In 1846, Joseph Honoré Simon Beau described transverse lines in the substance of the nail as signs of previous acute illness.. The lines look as if a little furrow had been plowed across the nail. Illnesses producing Beau's lines include the following:

Severe infection;
Myocardial infarction;
Hypotension, shock;
Hypocalcemia; and
Surgery.

Intermittent doses of immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy can also produce Beau's lines. Severe zinc deficiency has also been proposed as a cause of Beau's lines. By noting its location on the nail, the approximate date of the illness associated with it can be determined (Figures 5A, 5B). Moreover, the depth of the line provides a clue to the severity of the illness.


Figure 5A. The location of Beau's lines half way up the nail suggests illness 3 months ago.

Figure 5B. Two Beau's lines suggest illnesses about 2 months apart.

Thin Brittle Nails
Thin, brittle nails can indicate the following (Figure 6):

Metabolic bone disease (nail thinness is correlated with osteopenia);
Thyroid disorder;
Systemic amyloidosis (indicated by yellow waxy flaking); and
Severe malnutrition.


Figure 6. Note the thin nails in this woman with severe osteopenia.

Onychorrhexis is the presence of longitudinal striations or ridges (Figure 7). It can simply be a sign of advanced age but it can also occur with the following:

Rheumatoid arthritis;
Peripheral vascular disease;
Lichen planus; and
Darier's disease (striations are red/white).

Central ridges can be caused by:

Iron deficiency;
Folic acid deficiency; and
Protein deficiency.


Figure 7. Example of a central nail ridge.

Central Nail Canal (Median Nail Dystrophy)

When a central nail canal is present, the cuticle is usually normal (Figure 8A). Central nail canal is associated with:

Severe arterial disease ("Heller's fir tree deformity" -- a central canal with a fir tree appearance -- may occur with peripheral artery disease (Figure 8B);
Severe malnutrition; and
Repetitive trauma.


Figure 8A. Example of central nail canal.

Figure 8B. Central nail canal with Heller's fir tree deformity.

Nail Pitting

Nail pitting -- small punctate depressions -- are caused by nail matrix inflammation, which can be the result of:

Psoriasis (random appearance of pits) (Figure 9);
Alopecia areata (geometric rippled grid) (Figure 10);
Eczema; and
Lichen planus.


Figure 9. Indication of psoriasis.

Figure 10. Indication of alopecia areata.

Nail Beading
With nail beading, the beads seem to drip down the nail like wax (Figure 11). It is associated with endocrine conditions, including the following:

Diabetes mellitus;
Thyroid disorders;
Addison's disease; and
Vitamin B deficiency.


Figure 11. Nail beading.

Rough Nail Surface

When nails look sandpapered and dull, consider (Figure 12):

Autoimmune disease;
Psoriasis;
Chemical exposure; and
Lichen planus.


Figure 12. Example of a rough nail surface.

Nail Thickening

Slow nail growth produces thickness (Figure 13). In such cases, the following should be considered:

Onychomycosis;
Chronic eczema;
Peripheral vascular disease;
Yellow nail syndrome; and
Psoriasis.


Figure 13. Example of a nail thickening.

Onycholysis

Onycholysis is distal separation of the nail plate from the underlying nail bed (Figure 14). It is associated with the following:

Thyrotoxicosis;
Psoriasis;
Trauma;
Contact dermatitis;
Tetracycline;
Eczema;
Toxic exposures (solvents);
Blistering from autoimmune disease; and
Porphyria cutanea tarda (onycholysis and skin blistering from sun exposure).


Figure 14. Traumatic onycholysis (involving only 1 nail).

Severe Nail Curvature (Beaked Nails)

Curved or beaked nails are caused by resorption of distal digit (Figure 15). Consider the following:

Hyperparathyroidism
Renal failure
Psoriasis
Systemic sclerosis


Figure 15. Example of severe nail curvature.

Complete Nail Destruction

Complete local nail destruction can be caused by local mechanisms, including trauma and paronychia. Generalized conditions that might cause complete nail destruction include the following:

Toxic epidermal necrolysis;
Chemotherapy;
Bullous diseases; and
Vasculitis.

Observing Nail Color Abnormalities of the Lunula

If the lunula is absent, consider anemia or malnutrition (Figure 16). A pyramidal lunula might indicate excessive manicure or trauma (Figure 17). A pale blue lunula suggests diabetes mellitus. If the lunula has red discoloration, consider the following causes among others (Figure 18):

Cardiovascular disease;
Collagen vascular disease; and
Hematologic malignancy.


Figure 16. Absent lunula.

Figure 17. Pyramidal lunula.

Figure 18. Lunula with red discoloration.

Transverse White Lines (Mee's lines)

Any acute illness can produce transverse milky white lines. In addition, they might be caused by heavy metal toxicity (classically arsenic) or chemotherapy. The time of event may be determined from the location of the lines on nail (Figure 19).


Figure 19. Note the Mee's line approximately one third of the way up the nail, suggesting a significant illness 2 months previously.

Leukonychia Striae

Leukonychia striae are white splotches caused by minor trauma to the nail matrix (Figure 20). The timing can be determined by the location of the splotches on the nail.


Figure 20. Example of leukonychia striae. Note location of white splotches, which can indicate timing of the traumatic event.

Longitudinal Brown Lines

Longitudinal brown lines form because of increased melanin produced by nail matrix melanocytes (Figure 21). They are associated with:

Addison's disease;
Nevus at the nail base;
Breast cancer;
Melanoma (check for periungal pigmentation); and
Trauma.


Figure 21. Longitudinal brown lines.

Splinter Hemorrhages

Splinter hemorrhages are caused by hemorrhage of the distal capillary loop (Figure 22). Note the thickness of these areas. They are associated with the following:

Subacute bacterial endocarditis;
Systemic lupus erythematosus;
Trichinosis;
Pityriasis rubra pilaris;
Psoriasis; and
Renal failure.


Figure 22. Splinter hemorrhages tend to be fat.

Terry's Half and Half Nails

With Terry's half and half nails, the proximal portion is white (edema and anemia) and the distal portion is dark. These nails imply either renal or liver disease (Figures 23A, 23B).


Figure 23A. This example of Terry's half and half nails suggests liver disease (no brown lines).

Figure 23B. Half and half nails imply renal disease when there is a brown band at the junction of the erythema and the free edge. Image courtesy of www.dermnet.com Used with permission.

Generalized Discolorations of the Nail Plate

Nail discoloration is a useful method for identifying potential problems.


White Nails

White nails can be caused by anemia, edema, or vascular conditions (Figure 24). Consider the following:

Anemia;
Renal failure;
Cirrhosis;
Diabetes mellitus;
Chemotherapy; and
Hereditary (rare).


Figure 24. Example of white nails.

Pink or Red Nails

With pink or red nail discoloration, the following should be considered (Figure 25): Polycythemia (dark);
Systemic lupus erythematosus;
Carbon monoxide (cherry red);
Angioma; and
Malnutrition.


Figure 25. Example of pink and red nails.

Brown-Gray Nails

Brown-gray nails may suggest the following (Figure 26):

Cardiovascular disease;

Diabetes mellitus;
Vitamin B12 deficiency;
Breast cancer;
Malignant melanoma;
Lichen planus;
Syphilis; and
Topical agents, including hair dyes, solvents for false nails, varnish, and formaldehyde (among many others)


Figure 26. Example of brown-gray nails.

Yellow Nails

Yellow nails suggest the following (Figure 27):

Diabetes mellitus;
Amyloidosis;
Median/ulnar nerve injury;
Thermal injury; and
Jaundice.

Consider yellow nail syndrome if a patient has lymphedema and bronchiectasis.


Figure 27. Example of yellow nails. Image courtesy of www.dermnet.com Used with permission.

Green or Black Nails

Green or black nails indicate the following (Figure 28): Topical preparations, including chlorophyll derivations, methyl green, and silver nitrate (among others);
Chronic Pseudomonas spp infection; and
Trauma.


Figure 28. Example of black nails.

Processes Around the Nail

Paronychial Inflammation Paronychia is associated with separation of the seal between the proximal nail fold and the nail plate that provides entry for bacteria and leads to a localized infection of the paronychial tissues of the hands (Figure 29). Symptoms may include inflammation, swelling, and/or scaling.


Figure 29. Example chronic paronychial inflammation.

Periungal Telangeictasia Periungal telangeictasia is caused by dilated capillary loops and results in atrophy of the cuticle (Figure 30). It is strongly associated with collagen vascular disease, including the following:

Systemic lupus erythematosus;
Dermatomyositis (especially with Gotton's papules over knuckles); and
Scleroderma.


Figure 30. Example of periungal telangeictasia. Image courtesy of www.dermnet.com

Mucus Cyst A mucous or myxoid cyst is a collection of degenerative collagen that can cause swelling and ridging of the nail above the cyst, forming a "gutter" (Figure 31).


Figure 31. Example of a mucus cyst.

Cases
The following are examples of patients in whom examining the fingernails may help identify their conditions.


Slide 2. 84-year-old man with a painful ankle.

Slide 3. 68-year-old man with esophageal cancer.

29 comments:

Anonymous said...

it cud be better if u have shown the example of a healthy nail... :)

M.Rishan Shareef said...

Dear D.Satyaa Shrudhi,

Thanks a lot for the visit & comment sister !

Anonymous said...

I'll like to know if there're any treatments if you have any of the listed problems

Anonymous said...

What happens if the lunula seems to be growing on a toe nail? Is this a cause for concern?
Thanks.

Anonymous said...

very helpful actually... I noticed that my "lunula" on my fingernails were disappearing. I am pregnant and now know to make sure I tell my doctor.

Anonymous said...

Another condition that can show through the fingertips is a darkening of the skin from the distal joint suggesting arcanthosis nigracans, which is a good indicator of Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome. Thank you for a good article.

Anonymous said...

I came here looking for information on zinc deficiency--my hair has thinned about 50% in the past 6 months, thyroid comes back normal and no other abnormalities found in labs so far. Very nice catalog of fingernail-based diagnostic clues.

But, mine don't look like the zinc deficiency nails, so maybe that's not my problem. Onward to the next website. ;)

Anonymous said...

It is very interesting for me to read this post. Thank you for it. I like such topics and everything that is connected to this matter. I definitely want to read a bit more on that blog soon.

Anonymous said...

Thank You for the information. My Girlfriend has a some very traumatic events in her kife recently, and White horizontal lines have appeared under all of her fingers. Taking her right to the Doctor! Thanks again!

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Anonymous said...

Keep on posting such articles. I love to read blogs like that. By the way add more pics :)

Anonymous said...

hi, can nail glue do any damage?like the stuff you use to glue on false nails?

Wings said...

wow, i never knew there could be so much wrong with nails.

i have that beaus indent on my toenails...is that bad?

Anonymous said...

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eileen said...

Hi, this is the best article I found on nail disease. One of my nails is curving but it doesn't look too severe and there are what looks like little chips on both my thumb and index finger. They seem to be growing out but should I still go to the doctor?

Anonymous said...

I have a VERY thin red line running lonwise on my little finger. Do I have Endocarditis! I keep reading it is a 100% sign of it. They are scaring me.

Anonymous said...

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Anonymous said...

I haven't been able to find any information about orange tint around the edges of my nails. There is also an orange tint at the top of my nail that is normally white. I haven't been eating differently, so I don't think it is due to too much Vitamin A. I also never wear nail polish. Any thoughts?

Anonymous said...

ha, I will try out my thought, your post get me some good ideas, it's truly awesome, thanks.

- Murk

Anonymous said...

This posting is MOST informative! I really appreciate all the detailed discussion with accompanying photo examples. In my case, I've noticed a slight "gutter" (a shallow indentation lengthwise, like that presenting in fig. 20) in just my left middle finger, and my index and middle finger nails are starting to curve downward. I take 50 mcg. Levothyroxine for mild hypothyroid. I did have some pain in that finger a while back... Any thoughts on what might be the reason?

Just one thing I feel I should mention. Somehow, many of the photos have gotten out of place, for instance, white nails under a plate labled red nails, and vice versa. Many examples of this switch, particularly in the later part of this listing.

Posted by redmymind@yahoo.com

Coral said...

Nice and informative post.

Indranil Bhattacharjee ........."सैल" said...

very good post ... came to your blog for the first time and I have become your follower ...
keep the good work up !

Kult Paznokcia said...

Hi
Great website, I'll give link to this service on my site.
Best regards from Poland.

Kult Paznokcia
www.kult-paznokcia.pl - Nail care edication

Bhuvijain said...

Hi, I have been searching for an answer for mysterious thin horizontal brown lines that are appearing in my daughters nails. She has chronic oral ulcers for 6 years and passes motion 7 times a day for past one year. Pl advise. She also gets white horizontal lines once in a while. Good informative site.

darena_x said...

Hello i noticed that you have shifted the pictures so that for example Figure 14. Traumatic onycholysis (involving only 1 nail)actually shows beaked nails and figure 15 that should show beaked nails shows Complete Nail Destruction and so on. can you please correct them as it's misleading. otherwise this is the most extensive library of nail abnormalities

Anonymous said...

your figure 20 is wrong!
It should be:

Longitudinal Brown Lines
Longitudinal brown lines form because of increased melanin produced by nail matrix melanocytes (Figure 21). They are associated with:

Addison's disease;

Nevus at the nail base;

Breast cancer;

Melanoma (check for periungal pigmentation); and

Trauma.



Longitudinal brown lines.

Anonymous said...

Very informative article. I've often wondered what various signs in the nails mea. Interesting to note that no doctor has ever looked at my nails to assess my health. This would be a very important area of expertise to combine with their regular diagnosis.
Thanks

Anonymous said...

I am a healthy 54 yr old Female...I take no medicine. Have had a light brown line on my right ndex finger for about a year...recently I see the vein on the finger that leads to nail...have a very small dark stripe on left index finger...Family doctor said not to worry, had plastic surgeon look at it...he said because it is on both hands, he doubt it's a cancer...that would be very unusual. Had a mammogram done this year...negative. Used to take melatonin for sleep, but haven't in over a year. Just don't know if I should be concerned...